44BSD操作系统设计与实现英文版【正版】 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子书 mobi 在线

本书是对4.4BSD操作系统的设计和实现的全面描述，在讨论设计理论的同时，也注重介绍实现的细节。

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??全书分为五个部分，共有14章。部分介绍了BSD的历史，简单介绍了操作系统设计的几个基本方面，还介绍了内核服务的基本内容。第二部分介绍了进程管理和内存管理的内容。第三部分介绍I／O系统，包括本地和网络文件系统以及终端处理。第四部分介绍了进程间通信、网络通信以及网络协议。第五部分介绍了系统操作知识。

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???本书适合作为高等院校计算机专业操作系统课程教材，也适合开放系统下的管理人员和开发人员阅读参考。

Part?1　Overview　1

Chapter?1　History?and?Goals　3

1.1　History?of?the?UNIX?System　3

·Origins　3

·Research?UNIX　4

·AT&T?UNIX?System?Ⅲ?and?System?V　7

·Other?Organizations　8

·Berkeley?Software?Distributions　8

·UNIX?in?the?World　10

1.2　BSD?and?Other?Systems　10

·The?Influence?of?the?User?Community　11

1.3　Design?Goals?of?4BSD　12

·4.2BSD?Design?Goals　13

·4.3BSD?Design?Goals　14

·4.4BSD?Design?Goals　15

1.4　Release?Engineering　16

·References　17

Chapter?2　Design?Overview?of?4.4BSD　21

2.1　4.4BSD?Facilities?and?the?Kernel　21

·The?Kernel　22

2.2　Kernel?Organization　23

2.3　Kernel?Services　25

2.4　Process?Management　26

·Signals　27

·Process?Groups?and?Sessions　28

2.5　Memory?Management　29

·BSD?Memory-Management?Design?Decisions　29

·Memory?Management?Inside?the?Kernel　31

2.6　I/O?System　31

·Deors?and?I/O　32

·Deor?Management　33

·Devices　34

·Socket?IPC　35

·Scatter/Gather?I/O　35

·Multiple?Filesystem?Support　36

2.7　Filesystems　36

2.8　Filestores　40

2.9　Network?Filesystem　41

2.10　Terminals　42

2.11　Interprocess?Communication　43

2.12　Network?Communication　44

2.13　Network?Implementation　44

2.14　System?Operation　45

·Exercises　45

·Reference　46

Chapter?3　Kernel?Services　49

3.1　Kernel?Organization　49

·System?Processes　49

·System?Entry　50

·Run-Time?Organization　50

·Entry?to?the?Kernel　52

·Return?from?the?Kernel　53

3.2　System?Calls　53

·Result?Handing　54

·Returning?from?a?System?Call　54

3.3　Traps?and?Interrupts　55

·Traps　55

·I/O?Device?Interrupts　55

·Software?Interrupts　56

3.4　Clock?Interrupts　57

·Statistics?and?Process?Scheduling　58

·Timeouts　58

3.5　Memory-Management?Services　60

3.6　Timing?Services　63

·Real?Time　63

·Adjustment?of?the?Time　63

·External?Representation　64

·Interval?Time　64

3.7　User,?Group,?and?Other?Identifiers　65

·Host?Identifiers　67

·Process?Groups?and?Sessions　68

3.8　Resource?Services　68

·Process?Priorities　69

·Resource?Utilization　69

·Resource?Limits　70

·Filesystem?Quotas　70

3.9　System-Operation?Services　71

·Accounting　71

·Exercises　72

·References　73

Part?2　Processes　75

Chapter?4　Process?Management　77

4.1　Introduction?to?Process?Management　77

·Multiprogramming　78

·Scheduling　79

4.2　Process?State　80

·The?Process?Structure　81

·The?User?Structure　85

4.3　Context?Switching　87

·Process?State　87

·Low-Level?Context?Switching　88

·Voluntary?Context?Switching　88

·Synchronization　91

4.4　Process?Scheduling　92

·Calculations?of?Process?Priority　93

·Process-Priority?Routines　95

·Process?Run?Queues?and?Context?Switching　96

4.5　Process?Creation　98

4.6　Process?Termination　99

4.7　Signals　100

·Comparison?with?POSIX?Signals　103

·Posting?of?a?Signal　104

·Delivering?a?Signal　106

4.8　Process?Groups?and?Sessions　107

·Sessions　109

·Job?Control　110

4.9　Process?Debugging　112

·Exercises　114

·References　116

Chapter?5　Memory?Management　117

5.1　Terminology　117

·Processes?and?Memory　118

·Paging　119

·Replacement?Algorithms　120

·Working-Set?Model　121

·Swapping　121

·Advantages?of?Virtual?Memory　122

·Hardware?Requirements?for?Virtual?Memory　122

5.2　Overview?of?the?4.4?BSD?Virtual-Memory?System　123

5.3　Kernel?Memory?Management　126

·Kernel?Maps?and?Submaps　127

·Kernel?Address-Space?Allocation　128

·Kernel?Malloc　129

5.4　Per-Process?Resources　132

·4.4BSD?Process?Virtual-Address?Space　132

·Page-Fault?Dispatch　134

·Mapping?to?Objects　134

·Objects　136

·Objects?to?Pages　137

5.5　Shared?Memory　137

·Mmap?Model　139

·Shared?Mapping　141

·Private?Mapping　142

·Collapsing?of?Shadow?Chains　144

·Private?Snapshots　145

5.6　Creation?of?a?New?Process　146

·Reserving?Kernel?Resources　147

·Duplication?of?the?User?Address?Space　148

·Creation?of?a?New?Process?Without?Copying　149

5.7　Execution?of?a?File　150

5.8　Process?Manipulation?of?Its?Address?Space　151

·Change?of?Process?Size　151

·File?Mapping　152

·Change?of?Protection　154

5.9　Termination?of?a?Process　154

5.10　The?Pager?Interface　156

·Vnode?Pager　157

·Device?Pager　159

·Swap?Pager　160

5.11　Paging　162

5.12　Page?Replacement　166

·Paging?Parameters　168

·The?Pageout?Daemon　169

·Swapping　171

·The?Swap-In?Process　172

5.13　Portability　173

·The?Role?of?the?pmap?Module　176

·Initialization?and?Startup　179

·Mapping?Allocation?and?Deallocation　181

·Change?of?Access?and?Wiring?Attributes?for?Mappings　184

·Management?of?Page-Usage?Information　185

·Initialization?of?Physical?Pages　186

·Management?of?Internal?Data?Structures　186

·Exercises　187

·References　188

Part?3　I/O?System　191

Chapter?6　I/O?System?Overview　193

6.1　I/O?Mapping?from?User?to?Device　193

·Device?Drivers　195

·I/O?Queuing　195

·Interrupt?Handing　196

6.2　Block?Devices　196

·Entry?Points?for?Block-Device?Drivers　197

·Sorting?of?Disk?I/O?Requests　198

·Disk?Labels　199

6.3　Character?Devices　200

·Raw?Devices?and?Physical?I/O　201

·Character-Oriented?Devices　202

·Entry?Points?for?Character-Device?Drivers　203

6.4　Deor?Management?and?Services　205

·Open?File?Entries　205

·Management?of?Deors　207

·File-Deor?Locking　209

·Multiplexing?I/O?on?Deors　211

·Implementation?of?Select　213

·Movement?of?Data?Inside?the?Kernel　216

6.5　The?Virtual-Filesystem?Interface　218

·Contents?of?a?Vnode　219

·Vnode?Operations　220

·Pathname?Translation　222

·Exported?Filesystem?Services　222

6.6　Filesystem-Independent?Services　223

·The?Name?Cache　225

·Buffer?Management　226

·Implementation?of?Buffer?Management　229

6.7　Stackable?Filesystems　231

·Simple?Filesystem?Layers　234

·The?Union?Mount?Filesystem　235

·Other?Filesystems　237

·Exercises　238

·References　240

Chapter?7　Local?Filesytems　241

7.1　Hierarchical?Filesystem?Management　241

7.2　Structure?of?an?Inode　243

·Inode?Management　245

7.3　Naming　247

·Directories　247

·Finding?of?Names?in?Directories　249

·Pathname?Translation　249

·Links　251

7.4　Quotas　253

7.5　File?Locking　257

7.6　Other?Filesystem?Semantics　262

·Large?File?Sizes　262

·File?Flags　263

·Exercises　264

·References　264

Chapter?8　Local?Filestores　265

8.1　Overview?of?the?Filestore　265

8.2　The?Berkeley?Fast?Filesystem　269

·Organization?of?the?Berkeley?Fast?Filesystem　269

·Optimization?of?Storage?Utilization　271

·Reading?and?Writing?to?a?File　273

·Filesystem?Parameterization　275

·Layout?Policies　276

·Allocation?Mechanisms　277

·Block?Clustering　281

·Synchronous?Operations　284

8.3　The?Log-Structured?Filesystem　285

·Organization?of?the?Log-Structure?Filesystem　286

·Index?File　288

·Reading?of?the?Log　290

·Writing?to?the?Log　291

·Block?Accounting　292

·The?Buffer?Cache　294

·Directory?Operations　295

·Creation?of?a?File　296

·Reading?and?Writing?to?a?File　297

·Filesystem?Cleaning　297

·Filesystem?Parameterization　300

·Filesystem-Crash?Recovery　300

8.4　The?Memory-Based?Filesystem　302

·Organization?of?the?Memory-Based?Filesystem　303

·Filesystem?Performance　305

·Future?Work　305

·Exercises　306

·References　307

Chapter?9　The?Network?Filesystem　311

9.1　History?and?Overview　311

9.2　NFS?Structure?and?Operation　314

·The?NFS?Protocol　316

·The?4.4BSD?NFS?Implementation　318

·Client-Server?Interactions　321

·RPC?Transport?Issues　322

·Security?Issues　324

9.3　Techniques?for?Improving?Performance　325

·Leases　328

·Crash?Recovery　332

·Exercises　333

·References　334

Chapter?10　Terminal?Handing　337

10.1　Terminal-Processing?Modes　338

10.2　Line?Disciplines　339

10.3　User?Interface　340

10.4　The?tty?Structure　342

10.5　Process?Group,?Sessions,?and?Terminal?Control　343

10.6　C-lists　344

10.7　RS-232?and?Modem?Control　346

10.8　Terminal?Operations　347

·Open　347

·Output?Line?Discipline　347

·Output?Top?Half　349

·Output?Bottom?Half　350

·Input?Bottom?Half　351

·Input?Top?Half　352

·The?stop?Routine　353

·The?ioctl?Routine　353

·Modem?Transitions　354

·Closing?of?Terminal?Devices　355

10.9　Other?Line?Disciplines　355

·Serial?Line?IP?Disciplines　356

·Graphics?Tablet?Discipline　356

·Exercises　357

·References　357

Part?4　Interprocess?Communication　359

Chapter?11　Interprocess?Communication　361

11.1　Interprocess-Communication?Model　362

·Use?of?Sockets　364

11.2　Implementation?Structure?and?Overview　368

11.3　Memory?Management　369

·Mbufs　369

·Storage-Management?Algorithms　372

·Mbuf?Utility?Routines　373

11.4　Data?Structures　374

·Communication?Domains　375

·Sockets　376

·Socket?Addresses　378

11.5　Connection?Setup　380

11.6　Data?Transfer　382

·Transmitting?Data　383

·Receiving?Data　385

·Passing?Access?Rights　388

·Passing?Access?Rights?in?the?Local?Domain　389

11.7　Socket?Shutdown　390

·Exercises　391

·References　393

Chapter?12　Network?Communication　395

12.1　Internal?Structure　396

·Data?Flow　397

·Communication?Protocols　398

·Network?Interfaces　400

12.2　Socket-to-Protocol?Interface　405

·Protocol?User-Request?Routine　405

·Internal?Requests　409

·Protocol?Control-Output?Routine　409

12.3　Protocol-Protocol?Interface　410

·pr-output　411

·pr-input　411

·pr-ctlinput　411

12.4　Interface?Between?Protocol?and?Network?Interface　412

·Packet?Transmission　412

·Packet?Reception　413

12.5　Routing　416

·Kernel?Routing?Tables　417

·Routing?Lookup　420

·Routing?Redirects　423

·Routing-Table?Interface　424

·User-Level?Routing?Policies　425

·User-Level?Routing?Interface:?Routing?Socket　425

12.6　Buffering?and?Congestion?Control　426

·Protocol?Buffering?Policies　427

·Queue?Limiting　427

12.7　Raw?Sockets　428

·Control?Blocks　428

·Input?Processing　429

·Output?Processing　429

12.8　Additional?Network-Subsystem?Topics　429

·Out-of-Band?Data　430

·Address?Resolution?Protocol　430

·Exercises　432

·References　433

Chapter?13　Network?Protocols　435

13.1　Internet?Network?Protocols　436

·Internet?Addresses　437

·Subnets　438

·Broadcast?Addresses　441

·Internet?Multicast　441

·Internet?Ports?and?Associations　442

·Protocol?Control?Blocks　442

13.2　User?Datagram?Protocol(UDP)　443

·Initialization　443

·Output　444

·Input　445

·Control?Operations　446

13.3　Internet?Protocol(IP)　446

·Output　447

·Input　448

·Forwarding　449

13.4　Transmission?Control?Protocol(TCP)　451

·TCP?Connection?States　453

·Timers　459

·Estimation?of?Round-Trip?Time　460

·Connection?Establishment　461

·Connection?Shutdown　463

13.6　TCP?Input?Processing　468

·Sending?of?Data　468

·Avoidance?of?the?Silly-Window?Syndrome　469

·Avoidance?of?Small?Packets　470

·Delayed?Acknowledgments?and?Window?Updates　471

·Retransmit?State　472

·Slow?Start　472

·Source-Quench?Processing　474

·Buffer?and?Window?Sizing　474

·Avoidance?of?Congestion?with?Slow?Start　475

·Fast?Retransmission　476

13.8　Internet?Control?Message?Protocol(ICMP)　477

13.9　OSI?Implementation?Issues　478

13.10　Summary?of?Networking?and?Interprocess?Communication　480

·Creation?of?a?Communication?Channel　481

·Sending?and?Receiving?of?Data　482

·Termination?of?Data?Transmission?or?Reception　483

·Exercises　484

·References　486

Part?5　System?Operation　489

Chapter?14　System?Startup　491

14.1　Overview　491

14.2　Bootstrapping　492

·The?Boot?Program　492

14.3　Kernel?Initialization　493

·Assembly-Language?Startup　494

·Machine-Dependent?Initialization　495

·Message?Buffer　495

·System?Data?Structures　496

14.4　Autoconfiguration　496

·Device?Probing　498

·Device?Attachment　499

·New?Autoconfiguration?Data?Structures　499

·New?Autoconfiguration?Functions　501

·Device?Naming　501

14.5　Machine-Independent?Initialization　502

14.6　User-Level?Initialization　505

·/sbin/init　505

·/etc/rc　505

·/usr/libexec/getty　506

·/usr/bin/login　506

14.7　System-Startup?Topics　507

·Kernel?Configuration　507

·System?Shutdown?and?Autoreboot　507

·System?Debugging　508

·Passage?of?Information?To?and?From?the?Kernel　509

·Exercises　511

·References　511

Glossary　513

Index　551

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书籍介绍

本书是对4.4BSD操作系统的设计和实现的全面描述，在讨论设计理论的同时，也注重介绍实现的细节。 全书分为五个部分，共有14章。第一部分介绍了BSD的历史，简单介绍了操作系统设计的几个基本方面，还介绍了内核服务的基本内容。第二部分介绍了进程管理和内存管理的内容。第三部分介绍I／O系统，包括本地和网络文件系统以及终端处理。第四部分介绍了进程间通信、网络通信以及网络协议。第五部分介绍了系统操作知识。 本书适合作为高等院校计算机专业操作系统课程教材，也适合开放系统下的管理人员和开发人员阅读参考。