旧制度与大革命(英文版)(精)/世界学术经典 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子书 mobi 在线

【内容简介】：《旧制度与大革命》出版于1856年，是关于法国大革命的经典研究著述。托克维尔以犀利的笔触，对“如何避免革命”这个问题做了开创性的思考，并试图通过探讨法国大革命这一典型个案来揭示一些历史教训，为人类如何避免革命动荡指出一些可能的路径。作者以问题为导向，运用社会学分析方法对法国大革命的前因后果进行了精辟的分析，从政治经济、社会文化、民族性格等综合视角揭示了法国旧制度与大革命的内在联系，而且触及到法兰西民族命运的根本问题，其观点在学术界和知识界引起了广泛的关注。

导读

Foreword

Book I

1.1 Contradictory Judgments of the Revolution at Its Inception

1.2 That the Fundamental and Final Purpose of the Revolution Was Not, as Some Have Thought, to Destroy Religious Authority and Weaken Political Authority

1.3 How the French Revolution Was a Political Revolution That Proceeded in the Manner of Religious Revolutions,and Why

1.4 How Almost All of Europe Had Exactly the Same Institutions, and How Those Institutions Were Crumbling Everywhere

1.5 What Was the Essential Achievement of the French Revolution?

Book II

II.1 Why Feudal Prerogatives Had Become More Odious to the People in France Than Anywhere Else

II.2 Why Administrative Centralization Is an Institution of the Ancien Regime and Not, As Some Say, the Work of the Revolution or Empire

II.3 How What Today Is Called Administrative Tutelage Is an Institution of the Ancien Regime

II.4 How Administrative Justice and the Immunity of Public Officials Were Institutions of the Ancien R6gime

II.5 How Centralization Was Thus Able to Insinuate Itself among the Old Powers and Supplant Them Without Destroying Them

II.6 On Administrative Mores under the Ancien Regime

II.7 How France, of All the Countries of Europe, Was Already the One in Which the Capital Had Achieved the Greatest Preponderance over the Provinces and Most Fully Subsumed the Entire Country

II.8 That France Was the Country Where People Had Become Most Alike

II.9 How Men So Similar Were More Separate Than Ever,Divided into Small Groups Alien and Indifferent to One Another

II.10 How the Destruction of Political Liberty and the Separation of Classes Caused Nearly All the Maladies That Proved Fatal to the Ancien Regime

II.11 On the Kind of Liberty to Be Found under the Ancien Regime and Its Influence on the Revolution

II.12 How, Despite the Progress of Civilization, the Condition of the French Peasant Was Sometimes Worse in the Eighteenth Century Than It Had Been in the Thirteenth

Book III

III.1 How, Toward the Middle of the Eighteenth Century,Men of Letters Became the Country''s Leading Politicians, and the Effects That Followed from This

III.2 How Irreligion Was Able to Become a General and Dominant Passion in Eighteenth-Century France, and How It Influenced the Character of the Revolution

III.3 How the French Wanted Reforms Before They Wanted Liberties

III.4 That the Reign of Louis XVI Was the Most Prosperous Era of the Old Monarchy, and How That Very Prosperity Hastened the Revolution

III.5 How Attempts to Relieve the People Stirred Them to Revolt

III.6 On Some Practices That Helped the Government Complete the People''s Revolutionary Education

III.7 How a Great Administrative Revolution Preceded the Political Revolution, and on the Consequences It Had

III.8 How the Revolution Emerged Naturally from the Foregoing

术语汇编与简释

人名表

【作者简介】：托克维尔（Alexis de Tocqueville，1805－1859）是法国十九世纪 历史学家和思想家，主要代表作有《论美国的民主》、《旧制度与大革命》等。他出身法国贵族世家，一生经历过五个“朝代”，青年时代热心政治，1838年出任众议院议员，1848年二月革命后参与制订第二共和国宪法，1849年一度出任法国 长。1851年法兰西第二帝国建立，托克维尔因反对路易-拿破仑？波拿巴称帝而被捕，因名气太大而被释放。后来他对政治日渐失望，于是逐渐淡出政治舞台，主要从事历史研究。1789年大革命爆发以来，法国相继陷入雅各宾派的革命专政与两个拿破仑的军事独裁，对此托克维尔深感困惑。他一直思考法国大革命这场“民主革命”为何“反噬”自由，于是写作了《旧制度与大革命》。该书在他去世之前就已经再版了四次，而且相继被译为多种语言，在全世界传播。

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书籍介绍

本书以法国大革命为题展开讨论。作者依托翔实的前人未见的第一手材料，以其犀利的笔触，具体描绘了旧制度下土地、财产、教会、农民、贵族等状况，深刻剖析了大革命产生的历史原因，开创性地探索了如何避免革命的问题，并以法国大革命为鉴，深刻地探讨了人类如何实现并完善自由与平等的两全其美的社会制度。