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《细胞世界(影印版)(英文版)》由美国威斯康星大学、密歇根大学4位教授合作编写，在世界上享有盛誉，是细胞生物学学科经典教材之一。在亚马逊专业教材销售排行榜长期名列前茅，读者评价较高，并被许多北美、欧洲高校教学选用。 《细胞世界(影印版)(英文版)》编写内容全面、理念先进，并具有鲜明的教学使用特色——适当的深度与简明性、艺术化教学、多层次解答问题、力求精准的概念阐述、为提高教学与学习效率而设计的诸多辅助学习内容。

《细胞世界(影印版)(英文版)》适合生命科学相关专业教学选用，也可供从业人员参考使用。

Brief Contentr>About the Authorr>Preface

Acknowledgmentr>Detailed Contentr>1 A Preview of the Cell

2 The Chemistry of the Cell

3 The Macromolecules of the Cell

4 Cells and Organeller>5 Bioenergetics:The Flow of Energy in the Cell

6 Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life

7 Membranes:Their Structure,Function,and Chemistry

8 Transport Across Membranes:Overcoming the Permeability Barrier

9 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Glycolysis and Fermentation

10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Aerobic Respiration

11 Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:Photosynthesir>12 The Endomembrane System and Peroxisomer>13 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:I.Electrical and Synaptic Signaling in Neuronr>14 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:II.Messengers and Receptorr>15 Cytoskeletal Systemr>16 Cellular Movement:Motility and Contractility

17 Beyond the Cell:Cell Adhesions,Cell Junctions,and Extracellular Structurer>18 The Sturctural Basis of Cellular Information:DNA,Chromosomes,and the Nucleur>19 The Cell Cycle,DNA Replication,and Mitosir> Sexual Reproduction,Meiosis,and Geic Recombination

21 Gene Expression:I.The Geic Code and Transcription

22 Gene Expression:II.Protein Synthesis and Sorting

23 The Regulation of Gene Expression

24 Cancer Cellr>Appendix:Visualizing Cells and Moleculer>Glossary

Photo,Illustration,and Text Creditr>Index

Detailed Contentr>About the Authorr>Preface

Acknowledgmentr>1 A Preview of the Cell

The Cell Theory:A Brief History

The Emergence of Modern Cell Biology

The Cytological Strand Deals with Cellular Structure

The Biochemical Strand Covers the Chemistry of Biological Structure and Function

The Geic Strand Focuses on Information Flow

"Facts"and the Scientific Method

Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 1A Experimmental Techniques:Units of Measurement in Cell Biology

Box 1B Further Insights:Biology,"Facts,"and the Scientific Method

2 The Chemistry of the Cell

The Importance of Carbon

Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Stable

Carbon-Containing Molecules Are Diverr>Carbon-Containing Molecules Can Form Stereoisomerr>The Importance of Water

Water Molecules Are Polar

Water Molecules Are Cohesive

Water Has a High Timperature-Stabilizing Capacity

Water Is an Excellent Solvent

The Importance of Selectively Permeable Membraner>A Membrane Is a Lipid Bilayer with Proteins Embed in It

Membranes Are Selectively Permeable

The Importance of Synthesiy Polymerization

Macromolecules Are Responle for Most of the Form and Function in Living Systemr>Cells Contain Three Different Kinds of Macromoleculer>Macromolecules Are Synthesized by Stepwise Polymerization of Monomerr>The Importance of Self-Asly

Many Proteins Self-Asle

Molecular Chaperones Assist the Asly of Some Proteinr>Noncovalent Bonds and Interactions Are Important in the Folding of Macromoleculer>Self-Asly Also Occurs in Othe Cellular Structurer>The Tobacco Mosaic Birus Is a Case Study in Self-Asly

Self-Asly Has Limitr>Hierarchical Asly Provides Advantages for the Cell

Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 2A Further Insights:Tempus Fugit and Fine Art of Watchm

3 The Macromolecules of the Cell

Proteinr>The Monomers Are Amino Acidr>The Polymers Are Polypepitdes and Proteinr>Several Kinds of Bonds and Interactions Are Important in Protein Folding and Stability

Protein Structure Depends on Amino Acid Sequence and Interactionr>Nucleic Acidr>The Monomers Are Nucleotider>The Polymers Are DNA and RNA

A DNA Molecule Is a Double-Stranded Helix

Polysaccharider>The Monomers Are Monosaccharider>The Polymers Are Storage and Structural Polysaccharider>Polysaccharide Structure Depends on the Kinds of Glycosidic Bonds Involved

Lipidr>Fatty Acids Are the Building Blocks of Several Classes of Lipidr>Triacylglycerols Are Storage Lipidr>Phospholipids Are Important in Membrane Structure

Glycolipids Are Specialized Membrane Componentr>Steroids Are Lipids with a Variety of Functionr>Terpenes Are Formed from Isoprene

Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 3A Further Insights:On the Trail of the Double Helix

4 Cells and Organeller>Properties and Strategies of Cellr>All Organisms Are Bacteria,Archaea,or Eukaryoter>Limitations on Cell Size

Eukaryotic Cells Use Organelles to Compartmentalize Cellular Function

Bacteria,Archaea,and Eukaryotes Differ from Each Other in Many Wayr>Cell Specialization Demonstrates the Unity and Diversity of Biology

The Eudaryotic Cell in Overview:Pictures at an Exhibition

The Plasma Membrane Defines Cell Boundaries and Retaions Contentr>The Nucleus Is the Information Center of the Eukaryotic Cell

Intracellular Membranes and Organelles Define Compartmentr>The Cytoplasm of Eukaryotic Cells Contaions the Cytosol and Cytoskeleton

The Extracellular Matrix and the Cell Wall Are the "Outside "of the Cell

Viruses,Biroids,and Prions:Agents That Invade Cellr>A Virus Consists of a DNA or RNACore Surrounded by a Protein Coat

Viroids Are Small,Circular RNA Moleculer>Prions Are "proteinaceous Infective Particler>Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 4A Human Applications:Organelles and Human Diseaser>Box 4B Further Insights:Discovering Organelles:The Importance of Centrifuges and Chance Observationr>5 Bioenergetics:The Flow of Energy in the Cell

The Importance of Energy

Cells Need Energy to Drive Six Different Kinds of Changer>Organismtain Energy Either from Sunlight or from the Oxidation of Chemical Compoundr>Energy Flows Through the Biosphere Continuously

The Flow of Energy Through the Biosphere Is Accompanied by a Flow of Matter

Bioenergeticr>To Understand Energy Flow,We Need to Understand Systems,Heat,and Work

The First Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Energy Is Conserved

The Second Law of Thermodynamics Tells Us That Reactions Have Directionality

Entropy and Free Energy Are Two Alternative Means of Assessing Thermodynamic Spontaneity

Understanding △G

The Equilibrium Constant Is a Measure of Directionality

△G Can Be Calculated Readily

The Standard Free Energy Change Is △G Measured Under Standard Conditionr>Summing Up:The Meaning of △G'and △Go'

Free Energy Change:Sample Calculationr>Life and the Steady State:Reactions That Move Toward Equilibrium Without Ever Getting There

Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box Further Insights:Jumping Beans and Free Energy

6 Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life

Activation Energy and the Metale State

Before a Chemical Reaction Can Occur,the Activation Energy Barrier Must Be Overcome

The Metastalbe State Is a Resule of the Activation Barrier

Catalysts Overcome the Activation Energy Barrier

Enzymes as Biological Catalystr>Most Enzymes Are Proteinr>Substrate Binding,Activation,and Reaction Occur at the Active Site

Enzyme Kiicr>Most Enzymes Display Michaelis-Menten Kiicr>What Is the Meaning of Vmax and Km?

Why Are Km and Vmax Important to Cell Biologistr>The Double-Reciprocal Plot Is a Useful Means of Linearizing Kiic Data

Determing Km and Vmax:An Example

Enzyme Inhibitors Act Irreverly or Reverly

Enzyme Regulation

Allosteric Enzymes Are Regulated by Molecules Other than Reactants and Productr>Allosteric Enzymes Exhibit Cooperative Interactions Between Subunitr>Enzymes Can Also Be Regulated be the ition or Removal of Chemical Groupr>RNA Molecules as Enzymes:Ribozymer>Summary of Key Pointr>M Coniour>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 6A Further Insights:Monkeys and Peanutr>7 Membranes:Their Structure,Function,and Chemistry

The Functions of Membraner>Membranes Define Boundaries and Serve as Permeability Barrierr>Membranes Are Sites of Specific Proteins and Therefore of Specific Functionr>Membrane Proteins Regulate the Transport of Soluter>Membrane Proteins Detect and Transmit Electrical and Chemical Signalr>Membrane Proteins Mediate Cell Adhesion and Cell-to-Cell Communication

Models of Membrane Structure:An Experimental Perspective

Overton and Langmuir:Lipids Are Important Components of Membraner>Gorter and Grendel:The Basis of Membrane Structure Is a Lipid Bilayer

Davson and Danielli:Membranes Also Contain Proteinr>Robertson:All Membranes Share a Common Underlying Structure

Further Research Revealed Major Shortcomings of the Davson-Danielli Model

Singer and Nicolson:A Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of Proteins in a Fluid Lipid Bilayer

Unwin and Henderson:Most Membrane Proteins Contain Transmembrane Segmentr>Recent Findings Further Refine Our Understanding of Membrane Structure

Membrane Lipids:The "Fluid"Part of the Model

Membranes Contain Several Major Classes of Lipidr>Thin-Layer Chromatography Is an Importangt Technique for Lipid Analysir>Fatty Acids Are Essential to Membrane Structure and Function

Membrane Asymmetry:Most Lipids Are Distributed Unequally Between the Two Monolayerr>The Lipid Bilayer Is Fluid

Membranes Function Properly Only in the Fluid State

Most Organisms Can Regulate Membrane Fluidity

Lipid Rafts Are Localized Regions of Membrane Lipids That Are Involved in Cell Signaling

Membrane Proteins:The "Mosaic"Part of the Model

The Membrane Consists of a Mosaic of Proteins:Evidence from Freezi-Fracture Microscopy

Membranes Contain Integral,Peripheral,and Lipid-Anchored Proteinr>Proteins Can Be Separated by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresir>Determing the Three-Dimensional Structure of Membrane Proteins Is Becoming More Feale

Molecular Biology Has Contributed Greatly to Our Understanding of Membrane Proteinr>Membrane Proteins Have a Variety of Functionr>Membrane Proteins Are Oriented Asymmetrically Across the Lipid Bilayer

Many Membrane Proteins Are Glycosylated

Membrane Proteins Vary in Their Mobility

Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 7A Experimental Techniques:Revolutionizing the Study of Membrane Proteins:The Impact of Molecular Biology

8 Transport Across Membranes:Overcoming the Permeability Barrier

Cells and Transport Processer>Solutes Cross Membraney Simple Diffusion,Facilitated Diffusion,and Active Transport

The Movement of a Solute Across a Membrane Is Determined by Its Concentration Gradient or Its Electrochemical Potential

The Erythrocyte Plasma Membrane Provides Examples of Transport Mechanismr>Simple Diffusion:Unassisted Movement Down the Gradient

Diffusion Always Moves Solutes Toward Equilibrium

Osmosis Is the Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane

Simple Diffusion Is Limited to Small,Nonpolar Moleculer>The Rate of Simple Diffusion Is Directly Proportional to the Concentration Gradient

Facilitated Diffusion:Proteln-Mediated Movement Down the Gradient

Carrier Proteins and Channel Proteins Facgitate Diffusion by Different Mechanismr>Carrier Proteins Alternate Between Two Conformational Stater>Carrier Proteins Are Analogous to Enzymes in Their Specificity and Kiicr>Carrier Proteins Transport Either One or Two Soluter>The Erythrocyte Glucose Transporter and Anion Exchange Protein Are Examples of Carrier Proteinr>Channel Proteins Facilitate Diffusion by Forming Hydrophilic Transmembrane Channelr>Active Transport:Protein-Mediated Movement Up the Gradient

The Coupling of Active Transport to an Energy Source May Be Direct or Indirect

Direct Active Transport Depends on Four Types of Transport ATPaser>Indirect Active Transport Is Driven by Ion Gradientr>Examples of Active Transport

Direct Active Transport:The Na+/K+ Pump Maintains Electrochemical Ion Gradientr>Indirect Active Transport:Sodium Symport Drives the Uptake of Glucor>The Bacteriorhodopsin Proton Pump Uses Light Energy to Transport Protonr>The Energetics of Transport

For Uncharged Solutes,the △G of Transport Depends Only on the Concentration Gradient

For Charged Solutes,the △G of Transport Depends on the Electrochemical Potential

Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 8A Further Insights:Osmosis:The Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable Membrane

Box 8B Human,Applications:Membrane Transport,Cystic Fibrosis,and the Prospects for Gene Therapy

9 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Glycolysis and Fermentation

Metabolic Pathwayr>ATP:The Universal Energy Coupler

ATP Contains Two Energy Rich Phosphoanhydride Bondr>ATP Hydrolysis Is Highly Exergonic Because of Charge Repulsion and Resonance Stabilition

ATP Is an Important Intermediate in Cellular Energy Metabolir>Chemotrophic Energy Metabolir>Biological Oxidations Usuagy Involve the Removal of Both Electrons and Protons and Are Highly Exergonic

Coenzymes Such as NAD+ Serse as Electron Acceptors in Biological Oxidationr>Most Chemotrophs Meet Their Energy Needy Oxidizing Organic Food Moleculer>Glucose Is One of the Most Important Oxidizable Substrates in Energy Metabolir>The Oxidation of Glucose Is Highly Exergonic

Glucose Catabolism Yields Much More Energy in the Presence of Oxygen than in Itsence

Based on Their Need for Oxygen,Organisms Are Aerobic,Anaerobic,or Facultative

Glycolysis and Fermentation:ATP Generation Without the Involvement of Oxygen

Glyeolysis Generates ATP by Catabolizing Glucose to Pyruvate

The Fate of Pyruvate Depends on Whether Oxygen Is Available

In the Absence of Oxygen,Pyruvate Undergoes Fermentation to Regenerate NAD+

Fermentation Taps Only a Fraction of the Substrate's Free Energy but Conserves That Energy Efficiendy as ATP

Alternative Substrates for Glycolysir>Other Sugars and Glycerol Are Also Catabolized by the Glyeolytic Pathway

Polysaccharides Are Cleaved to Form Sugar Phosphates That Also Enter the Glycolytic Pathway

Ginconeogenesir>The Regulation of Glycolysis and Ginconeogenesir>Key Enzymes in the Glycolytic and Gluconeogenic Pathways Are Subject to Allosteric Regulalion

Fructose-2,6-Bisphoate Is an Important Regulator of Glyolysis and Gluconeogenesir>Novel Roles for Glycolytic Enzymer>Summary of Key Pointr>M ConneCtionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 9A Further Insights:"What Happens to the Sugar?"

10 Chemotrophic Energy Metabolism:Aerobic Respiration

Cellular Respiration:Maximizing ATP Yiedr>Aerobic Respiration Yields Much More Energy than Fermentation Doer>Respiration Includes Glycolysis,Pyruvate Oxidation,the TCA Cycle,Electron Transport,and ATP Synthesir>The Mitochondrion:Where the Action Takes Place

Mitochondria Are Often Present Where the ATP Needs Are Greater>Are Mitochondria Interconnected Networks Rather than Discrete Organeller>The Outer and Inner Membranes Define Two Separate Compartments and Three Regionr>Mitochondrial Functions Occur in or on Specific Membranes and Compartmentr>In Bacteria,Respiratory Functions Are Localized to the Plasma Membrane and tile Cytoplar>The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle:Oxidation in the Round

Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A by Oxidative Decar boxylation

The TCA Cycle Begins with the Entry of Acetate as Acetyl CoA

Two Oxidative Decarboxylations Then Form NADH and ReleaseCO2

Direct Generation of GTP(or ATP) Occurs at One Step in the TCA Cycle

The Final Oxidative Reactions of the TCA Cyde Generate FADH2 and NADH

Summing Up:The Products of the TCA Cycle Are CO2,ATP,NADH,and FADH2

Several TCA Cycle Enzymes Are Subject to Allosteric Regulation

The TCA Cycle Mso Plays a Central Role in the Catabolism of Fats and Proteinr>The TeA Cycle Serves as a Source of Precursors tor Anabolic Pathwayr>The Glyoxylate Cycle Converts Acetyl CoA to Carbohydrater>Electron Transport:Electron Flow from Coenzymes to Oxygen

The Electron Transport System Conveys Electrons from Reduced Coenzymes to Oxygen

The Electron Transport System Consists of Five Kinds of Carrierr>The Electron Carriers Function in a Sequence Determined by Their Reductkm Potentialr>Most of the Carriers Are Organized into Four Large Respiratory CompIexer>The Respiratory Complexes Move Freely Within the Inner Membrane

The Electrochemical Proton Gradient:Key to Energy Coupling

Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis Are Coupled Eventr>The Chemiosmotic Model:The "Missing Link" Is a Proton Gradient

Coenzyme Oxidation Pumps Enough Protons to Form 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2

The Cbemiosmotie Model Is Affirmed by an Impressive Array of Evidence

ATP Synthesis:Putting It All Together

Fub> Particles Have ATP Synthase Activity

The F0Fub> Complex:Proton Translocation Through F0 Drives ATP Synthesiy Fub>

ATP Synthesiy P0P1 Involves Physical Rotation of the Gamma Subunit

The Chemiosmotic Model involves Dynamic Transmembrane Proton Traffic

Aerobic Respiration:Summing It All Up

The Maximum ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration Is 36-38 ATPs per Glucor>Aerobic Respiration [s a Highly Efficient Procer>Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 10A Further InsightS:The Glyoxylate Cycle,Glyoxysomes,and Seed Germination

11 Phototrophic Energy Metabolism:Photosynthesir>An Overview of Photosynthesir>The Energy Transduction Reactions Convert Solar Energy to Chemical Energy

The Carbon Assimilation Reactions Fix Carbon by Reducing Carbon Dioxide

The Chloroplast Is the Photosynthetic Organege in Eukaryotic Cellr>Chloroplasts Are Composed of Three Membrane Systemr>Photosynthetic Energy Transduction I:Light Harvesting

Chlorophyll Is Life's Primary Link to Sunlight

Accessory Pigments Further Expand Access to Solar Energy

Light-Gathering Molecules Are Organized into Photosystems and Light-Harvesting Complexer>Oxygenic Phototrophs Have Two Types of Photosystemr>Photosynthetic Energy Transduction ll:NADPH Synthesir>Photosystem II Transfers Electrons from Water to a Plastoquinone

The Cytochrome b6/fComplex Transfers Electrons from a Plastoquinol to Plastocyanin

Photosystem 1 Transfers Electrons from Plastocyanin to Ferredoxin

Ferredoxin NADP+ Reductase Catalyzes the Reduction of NADP+

Photosynthetic Energy Transduetion III:ATP Synthesir>The ATP Synthase Complex Couples Transport of Protons Across the Thylakoid Membrane to ATP Synthesir>Cyclic Photophosphorylation Allows a Photosynthetic Cell to Balance NADPH and ATP Synthesir>A Summary of the Complete Energy Transduction System

Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation 1:The Calvin Cyde

Carbon Dioxide Enters the Calvin Cycle by Carboxylation of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate

3-Phosphoglycerate is Reduced to Form Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

Regeneration of Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate Allows Continuous Carbon Assimilation

The Complete Calvin Cycle and Its Relation to Photosynthetic Energy Transduction

Regulation of the Calvin Cycle

The Calvin Cycle Is Highly Regulated to Ensure Maximum Efficiency

Regulation of Rubisco Carbon Fixation by Rubisco Activar>Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation II:Carbohydrate Synthesir>Glucose-l-Phosphate fs Synthesized from Triose Phosphater>The Biosynthesis of Sucrose Occurs in the Cytosol

The Biosynthesis of Starch Occurs in the Chloroplast Stroma

Photosynthesis Also Produces Reduced Nitrogen and Sulfur Compoundr>Rubisco's Oxygenase Activity Decreases Photosynthetic Efficiency

The Glyzolate Pathway Returns Reduced Carbon from Phosphoglyzolate to the Calvin Cycle

C4 Plants Minimize Photorespiration by Confining Rubisco to Cells Containing High Concentrations of CO2

CAM Plants Minimize Photorespiration and Water Loy Opening Their Stomata Ouly at Night

Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 11A Further insights:The Endoiont Theory and the Evolution of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts from Ancient Bacteria

Box 11B Further InsightS:A Photosynthetic Reaction Center from a Purple Bacterium

12 The Endomembrane Systemand Peroxisomer>The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The Two Basic Kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum Differ in Structure and Function

Rough ER Is Involved in the Biosynthesis and Processing of Proteinr>Smooth ER Is Involved in Drug Detoxification,Carbohydrate Metabolism,Calcium Storage,and Steroid Biosynthesir>The ER Plays a Central Role in the Biosynthesis of Membraner>The Golgi Complex

The Golgi Complex Consists of a Series of Membrane-Bounde Cisternae

Two Models Depict the Flow of Lipids and Proteins Through the Golgi Complex

Roles of the ER and Golgi Complex in Protein Glycosylation

Roles of the ER and Golgl Complex in Protein Traffi

ER-Specific Proteins Contain Retention and Retrieval Tagr>Golgi Complex Proteins May Be Sorted According to the Lengths of Their Membrane-Spanning Domainr>Targeting of Soluble Lysosomal Proteins to Endosomes and Lysosomes Is a Model for Protein Sorting in the TGNTargeting of Soluble Lysosomal Proteins to Endosomes and Lysosomes Is a Model for Protein Sorting in the TGN

Secretory Pathways Transport Molecules to the Exterior of the Cell

Exocytosis and Endocytosis:Transporting Material Across the Plasma Membrane

Exocytosis Releases Intracellular Molecules to the Extracellular Medium

Endocytosis Imports Extracellular Moleculey Forming Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane

Coated Vesicles in Cellular Transport Processer>Clathrin-Coated Vesicles Are Surrounded by Lattices Compose of Clathrin and Adaptor Protein

The Asly of Clathrin Coats Drives the Formation of Vesicles from the Plasma Membrane and TGN

COPI-and COPll-Coated Vesicles Travel Between the ER and Golgi Complex Cisternae

SNARE Proteins Mediate Fusion Between Vesicles and Target Membraner>Lysosomes and Cellular Digestion

Lysosomes Isolate Digestive Enzymes from the Rest of the Cell

Lysosomes Develop from Endosomer>LysosomalEnzymes Are Important for Several Different Digestive Processer>Lysosomal Storage Diseases Are Usually Characterized by the Accumulation of Indigele Material

The Plant Vacuole:A Multifunctional Organelle

Peroxisomer>The Discovery of Peroxisomes Depended on Innovations in Equilibrium Density Centrifugation

Most Peroxisomal Functions Are Linked to Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolir>Plant Cells Contain Types of Peroxisomes Not Found in Animal Cellr>Peroxisome Biogenesis Occury Division of Preexisting Peroxisomer>Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 12A Experimental Techniques:Centrifugation:An Indispenle Tehnique of Cell Biology

Box 12B Human Applications:Cholesterol,the LDL Receptor,and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosir>13 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:I.Electrical and Synaptic Signaling in Neuronr>Neuronr>Neurons Ate Specially Adapted for the Transmission of Electrical Signalr>Understanding Membrane Potential

The Resting Membrane Potential Depends on Differing Concentrations of ions Inside and Outside the Neuron

The Nernst Equation Describes the Relationship Between Membrane Potential and Ion Concentration

Steady State Concentrations of Common tons Affect Resting Membrane Potential

The Goldman Equation Describes the Combined Effects of Ions on Membrane Potential

Electrical Excitability

Ion Channels Act Like Gates for the Movement of tons Through the Membrane

Patch Clamping and Molecular Biological Techniques Allow the Activity of Single Ion Channels to Be Monitored

Specific Domains of Voltage-Gated Channels Act as Sensors and Inactivatorr>TheAction Potential

Action Potentials Propagate Electrical Signals Along an Axon

A,tion Potentials Involve Rapid Changes in the Membrane Potential of the Axon

Action Potentials Result from the Rapid Movement of Ions Through Axonal Membrane Channelr>Action Potentials Are Propagated Along the Axon Without Loalng Strength

The Myelin Sheath Acts Like an Electrical Insulator Surrounding the Axon

Synaptic Transrnission

Neurotransmitters Relay Signals Across Nerve Synapser>Elevated Calcium Levels Stimulate Secretion of Neurotransmitters from Presynaptic Neuronr>Secretion of Neurotransmitters Requires the Do and Fusion of Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Neurotransmgters Are Detected by Specific Receptors on Postsypaptic Neuronr>Neurotransmitters Must Be Inactivated Shortly After Their Relear>Integration and Processing of Nerve Signalr>Neurons Can Integrate Signals from Other Neurons Through Both Temporal and Spatial Summation

Neurons Can Integrate Both Excitatory and Inhibitory Signals from Other Neuronr>Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 13A Human Applications:Poisoned Arrows.Snake Bites,and Nerve Gaser>14 Signal Transduction Mechanisms:II,Messengers and Receptorr>Chemical Signals and Cellular Receptorr>Different Types of Chemical Signals Can Be Received by Cellr>Receptor Binding Involves Specific Interactions Between Ligands and Their Receptorr>Receptor Binding Activates a Sequence of Signal Transduction Events Within the Cell

G Protein-Linked Receptorr>Seven Membrane Spanning Receptors Act via G Proteinr>Cyclic AMP Is a Second Messenger Whose Production is Regulated by Some G Proteinr>Disruption of G Protein Signaling Causes Several Human Diseaser>Many G Proteins Use lnositol Trisphosphate and Diacylglycerol as Second Messengerr>The Release of Calcium Ions Is a Key Event in Many Signaling Processer>Nitric Oxide Couples G Protein Linked Receptor Stimulation in Endothelial Cells to Relaxation of Smooth Muscle ells in Blood Vesselr>The βγ Subunits of G Proteins Can Also Transduce Signalr>Protein Kinase-Associated Receptorr>Growth Factors Often Bind Protein Kinase Associated Receptorr>Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Aggregate and Undergo Autophosphorylation

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Initiate a Signal Transduction Cascade Involving Ras and MAP Kinar>Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Activate a Variety of Other Signaling Pathwayr>Scaffolding Complexes Can Facilitate Cell Signaling

Dominant Negative Mutant Receptors Are Important Tools for Studying Receptor Function

Other Growth Factors Transduce Their Signals via Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinaser>Disruption of Growth Factor Signaling Can Lead to Cancer

Growth Factor Receptor Pathways Share Common Themer>Hormonal Signaling

Hormones Can Be Classified by the Distance They Travel and by Their Chemical ProperBer>Control of Glucose Metabolism Is a Good Example of Endocrine Regulation

Insulin Affects Several Signaling Pathways to Regulate Resting Glucose Levelr>Cell Signals and Apoptosir>Apoptosis Is Triggered by Death Signals or Withdrawal of Surival Factorr>Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 14A Experimental Techniques:Using Geic Model Systems to Study Cell Signaling

15 Cytoskeletal Systemr>Major Structural Elements of the Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotes Have Three Basic Types of Cytoskeletal Elementr>Bacteria Have Cytoskeletal Systems That Are Structurally Similar to Those in Eukaryoter>The Cytoskeleton Is Dypamicallg Asled and Disasled

Microtubuler>Two Types of Microtubules Are Responle for Many Functions in the Cell

Tubufin Heterndimers Are the Protein Building Blocks of Microtubuler>Microtubules Can Form as Singlets,Doublets,or Tripletr>Microtubules Form by the ition of Tubulin Dimers at Their Endr>ition of Tubulin Dimers Occurs More Quickly at the Flus Ends of Microtubuler>Dr ugs Can Affect the Asly o f Microtubuler>GTP Hydrolysis Contributes to the Dynamic Inility of Microtubuler>Microtubifies Originate from Microtubule Organizing Centers Within the Cell

MTOCs Organize and Polarize the Mierot ubules Within Cellr>Microtubule Stability Is Tightly Regulated in CelLy a Variety of Microtubile-Binding Proteinr>Microfilamentr>Actin Is the Protein Building Block of Microfilamentr>Different Types of Actin Are Found in Cellr>G-Actin Monomers Polymerize into F Actin Microfilamentr>Specific Drugs Affect Polymerization of Microflamentr>Ceils Can Dynamically Asle Actin into a Variety of Structurer>AcBn Binding Proteins Regulate the Polymerization,Length,and Organization of Microfilamentr>Cell Signagng Regulates Where and When Actin Based Structures Asle

Interediate Filamentr>Intermediate Filament Proteins Are Tissue Specific

Intermediate Filaments Asle from Fibrous Subunitr>Intermediate Filaments Confer Mechanical Strength on Tissuer>The Cytoskeleton Is a Mechanically Integrated Structure

Summary of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 1 Human Applications:Infectious Microorganisms Can Move Within Ceils Using Actin "Tailr>16 Cellular Movement:Motility and Contractility

Motile Systemr>Intracellular Microtubule-Based Movement:Kinesin and Dynein

MT Motor Proteins Move OrganeUes Along Microt ubules DuringAxonal Transport

Motor Proteins Move Along Microtubuley Hydrolyzing ATP

Kinesins Are a Large Family of Proteins with Varying Structures and Functionr>Dyneins Can Be Grouped into Two Major Classes:Axonemal and Cytoplasmic Dyneinr>Microtubule Motors Are Involved in Shaping the Endomembrane System and Vesicle Transport

Microtubule-Based Motility:Cilia and Flagella

Cilia and Flagella Are Common Motile Appendages of Eukaryotic Cegr>Cilia and Flagella Consist of an Axoneme Connected to a Basal Body

Microtubule Sliding Within the Axoneme Causes Cilia and Flagega to Bend

Actin-Based Cell Movernent:The Myosinr>Myosins Are a Large Family of Actin Based Motors with Diverse Roles in Cell Motility

Many Myosins Move Along Actin Filaments in Short Stepr>Filament-Based Movement in Muscle

Skeletal Muscle Cells Contain Thin and Thick Filamentr>Sarcomeres Contain Ordered Arrays of Actin,Myosin,and Accessory Proteinr>The Sliding Filament Model Explains Muscle Contraction

Cross Bridges Hold Filaments Together,and ATP Powers Their Movement

The Regulation of Muscle Contraction Depends on Calcium

The Coordinated Contraction of Cardiac Muscle Ceils Involves Electrical Coupling

Smooth Muscle Is More Similar to Nonmuscle Cells than to Skeletal Muscle

Actin-Based Motility in Nonmusde Cellr>Cell Migration via Lamegipodia Involves Cycles of Protrusion,Attachment,Translocation,and Detachment

Chemotaxis Is a Directional Movement in Response to a Graded Chemical Stimulur>Amoeboid Movement Involves Cycles of Gelation and Solation of the Aciln Cytoskeleton

Aciln-Based Motors Move Components Within the Cytoplasm of Some Cellr>Summarty of Key Pointr>M Connectionr>Problem Set

Suggested Reading

Box 16A Human Applications:Cytoskeletaf Motor Proteins and Human Disear>17 Beyond the Cell:Cell Adhesions,Cell Junctions,and Extracellular Structurer>Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion

Transmemhrane Proteins Mediate Cell Cell Adhesion

Carhohyd rate Groups Are Important in Cell-Cell Recognition and Adhesion

Cell-Cell Junctionr>Adhesive Junctions Link Adjoining Ceils to Each Other

Tight Junctions Prevent the Movement of Molecules Across Cell Layerr>Gap Junctions Allow Direct Electrical and Chemical Communication Between Cellr>The Extracellular Matrix of Animal Ceilr>Collagens Are Responle for the Strength of the Extracellular Matrix

A Precursor Called Procoilagen Forms Many Types of Tissue-Specific Collagenr>Elastins Impart Elasticity and Flexibility to the Extraceilular Matrix

Collagen and Elastin Fibers Are Embed in a Matrix of Proteoglycanr>Free Hyaluronate Lubricates Joints and Facilitates Cell Migration

Adhesive Glycoprateins Anchor Cegs to the Ext racel

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《细胞世界(影印版)(英文版)》由美国威斯康星大学、密歇根大学4位教授合作编写，在世界上享有盛誉，是细胞生物学学科经典教材之一。在亚马逊专业教材销售排行榜长期名列前茅，读者评价较高，并被许多北美、欧洲高校教学选用。 《细胞世界(影印版)(英文版)》编写内容全面、理念先进，并具有鲜明的教学使用特色——适当的深度与简明性、艺术化教学、多层次解答问题、力求精准的概念阐述、为提高教学与学习效率而设计的诸多辅助学习内容。

《细胞世界(影印版)(英文版)》适合生命科学相关专业教学选用，也可供从业人员参考使用。