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The third edition of Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach should have been easy to write. After all, our quantitative approach hasn't changed, and we sought to continue our focus on the basic principles of computer design through two editions. The examples had to be updated, of course, just as we did for the second edition. The dramatic and ongoing advances in the field as well as the creation of new markets for computers and new approaches for those markets, however, led us to rewrite almost the entire book. The pace of innovation in computer architecture continued unabated in the six years since the second edition. As when we wrote the second edition, we found that numerous new concepts needed to be introduced, and other material designated as more basic. Although this is officially the third edition of Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, it is really our fifth book in a series that began with the first edition, continued with Computer Organization and Design:The Hardware/Software Interface (COD:HSI), and then the second edition of both books. Over time ideas that were once found here have moved to COD:HSI or to background tutorials in the appendices. This migration, combined with our goal to present concepts in the context of the most recent computers, meant there was remarkably little from the second edition that could be preserved intact, and practically nothing is left from the first edition.

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Computer Design

1.1 Introduction

1.2 The Changing Face of Computing and the Task of the Computer Designer

1.3 Technology Trends

1.4 Cost, Price, and Their Trends

1.5 Measuring and Reporting Performance

1.6 Quantitative Principles of Computer Design

1.7 Putting It All Together: Performance and Price-Performance

1.8 Another View: Power Consumption and Efficiency as the Matric

1.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls

1.10 Concluding Remarks

1.11 Historical Perspective and References

Exercises

Chapter 2 InStruction Set Prindples and Examples

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Classifying Instruction Set Architectures

2.3 Memory Addressing

2.4 Addressing Modes for Signal Processing

2.5 Type and Size of Operands

2.6 Operands for Media and Signal Processing

2.7 Operations in the Instruction Set

2.8 Operations for Media and Signal Processing

2.9 Instructions for Control Flow

2.10 Encoding an Instruction Set

2.11 Crosscutting lssues:The Role of Compilers

2.12 Putting It All Together:The MIPS Architecture

2.1 3 Another View: The Trimedia TM32 CPU

2.14 Fallacies and Pitfalls

2.15 Concluding Remarks

2.16 Historical Perspective and References

Exercises

Chapter 3 Instruction-Level Parallelism and Its Dynamic Exploitation

3.1 Instruction-Level Parallelism:Concepts and Challenges

3.2 Overcoming Data Hazards with Dynamic Scheduling

3.3 Dynamic Scheduling: Examples and the Algorithm

3.4 Reducing Branch Costs with Dynamic Hardware Prediction

3.5 High-Performance Instruction Delivery

3.6 Taking Advantage of More ILP with Multiple Issue

3.7 Hardware-Based Speculation

3.8 Studies of the Limitations of ILP

3.9 Limitations on ILP for Realizable Processors

3.10 Putting It All Together: The P6 Microarchitecture

3.11 Another View: Thread-Level Parallelism

3.12 Crosscutting lssues: Using an ILP Data Path to Exploit TLP

3.13 Fallacies and Pitfalls

3.14 Concluding Remarks

3.15 Historical Perspective and References

Exercises

Chapter 4 Exploiting Instruction-Level Parallelism with Software Approaches

4.1 Basic Compiler Techniques for Exposing ILP

4.2 Static Branch Prediction

4.3 Static Multiple Issue: The VLIW Approach

4.4 Advanced Compiler Support for Exposing and Exploiting ILP

4.5 Hardware Support for Exposing More Parallelism at Compile Time

4.6 Crosscutting Issues: Hardware versus Software

Speculation Mechanisms

4.7 Putting It All Together:The Intel IA-64 Architecture and Itanium Processor

4.8 AnotherView: ILP in the Embedded and Mobile Markets

4.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls

4.10 Concluding Remarks

4.11 Historical Perspective and References

Exercises

Chapter 5 Memory Hierarchy Design

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Review of the ABCs of Caches

5.3 Cache Performance

5.4 Reducing Cache Miss Penalty

5.5 Reducing Miss Rate

5.6 Reducing Cache Miss Penalty or Miss Rate via Parallelism

5.7 Reducing Hit Time

5.8 Main Memory and Organizations for Improving Performance

5.9 Memory Technology

5.10 Virtual Memory

5.11 Protection and Examples of Virtual Memory

5.12 Crosscutting Issues: The Design of Memory Hierarchies

5.13 Putting It All Together: Alpha 21264 Memory Hierarchy

5.14 Another View: The Emotion Engine of the Sony Playstation 2

5.15 Another View: The Sun Fire 6800 Server

5.16 Fallacies and Pitfalls

5.17 Concluding Remarks

5.18 Historical Perspective and References

Exercises

Chapter 6 Multiprocessors and Thread-Level Parallelism

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Characteristics of Application Domains

6.3 Symmetric Shared-Memory Architectures

6.4 Performance of Symmetric Shared-Memory Multiprocessors

6.5 Distributed Shared-Memory Architectures

6.6 Performance of Distributed Shared-Memory Multiprocessors

6.7 Synchronization

6.8 Models of Memory Consistency: An Introduction

6.9 Multithreading: Exploiting Thread-Level Parallelism within a Processor

6.10 Crosscutting Issues

6.11 Putting It All Together: Sun's Wildfire Prototype

6.12 Another View Multithreading in a Commercial Server

6.13 Another View f Embedded Multiprocessors

6.14 Fallacies and Pitfalls

6.15 Concluding Remarks

6.16 Historical Perspective and References

Exercises

Chapter 7 Storage Systems

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Types of Storage Devices

7.3 Buses--Connecting I/O Devices to CPU/Memory

7.4 Reliability, Avai1ability, and Dependability

7.5 RAlD: Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks

7.6 Errors and Failures in Real Systems

7.7 I/O Performance Measures

7.8 A Little Queuing Theory

7.9 Benchmarks of Storage Performance and Availability

7.10 Crosscutting Issues

7.11 Designing an I/O System in Five Easy Pieces

7.12 Putting It All Together: EMC Symmetrix and Celerra

7.13 Another View: Sanyo VPC-SX500 Digital Camera

7.14 Fallacies and Pitfalls

7.15 Concluding Remarks

7.16 Historical Perspective and References

Exercises

Chapter 8 Interconnection Networks and Clusters

8.1 Introduction

8.2 A Simple Network

8.3 Interconnection Network Media

8.4 Connecting More Than Two Computers

8.5 Network Topology

8.6 Practical Issues for Commercial Interconnection Networks

8.7 Examp1es of Interconnection Networks

8.8 Internetworking

8.9 Crosscutting Issues for Interconnection Networks

8.10 Clusters

8.11 Designing a C1uster

8.12 Putting It All Together: The Google Cluster of PCs

8.13 Another View: Inside a Cell Phone

8.14 Fallacies and Pitfalls

8.15 Concluding Remarks

8.16 Historical Perspective and References

Exercises

Appendix A Pipelining: Basic and Intermediate Concepts

A.1 Introduction

A.2 The Major Hurdle of Pipelining--Pipeline Hazards

A.3 How Is Pipelining Implemented?

A.4 What Makes Pipelining Hard to Implement?

A.5 Extending the MIPS Pipeline to Handle Multicycle Operations

A.6 Putting It All Together: The MIPS R4000 Pipeline

A.7 Another View: The MIPS R4300 Pipeline

A.8 Crosscutting Issues

A.9 Fallacies and Pitfalls

A.10 Concluding Remarks

A.11 Historical Perspective and References

Exercises

Appendix B Solutions to Selected Exercises

Introduction

B.1 Chapter 1 Solutions

B.2 Chapter 2 Solutions

B.3 Chapter 3 Solutions

B.4 Chapter 4 Solutions

B.5 Chapter 5 Solutions

B.6 Chapter 6 Solutions

B.7 Chapter 7 Solutions

B.8 Chapter 8 Solutions

B.9 Appendix A Solutions

Online Appendices (www.mkp.com/CA3/)

Appendix C A Survey of RISC Architectures for Desktop, Server,

and Embedded Computers

Appendix D An Alternative to RISC:The Intel 80X86

Appendix E Another Alternative to RISC:The VAX Architecture

Appendix F The IBM 360/370 Architecture for Mainframe Computer

Appendix G Vector Processors

Revised by Krste Asanovic

Appendix H Computer Arithmotic

by David Goldberg

Appendix I Implementing Coherence Protocols

References

Index

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Measuring performance of multiprocessors by linear speedup versus execution time.

A natural question is whether WSCs are similar to modern clusters for high-performance computing. Although some have similar scale and cost...

The HPC clusters also tend to have long-running jobs that keep the server fully utilized, even for weeks at a time, while the utilization of servers in WSCs ranges between 10% and 50% and varies every day.

How do WSCs compare to conventional datacenters?

The Google rule of thumb is currently to use the low-end range of server class computers.

在设计上必须有所取舍时，一定要优先考虑较常发生的事件

书籍介绍

《计算机体系结构:量化研究方法(英文版•第3版)》不要内容：　The　third　edition　of　Computer　Architecture:　A　Quantitative　Approach　should　have　been　easy　to　write.　After　all,　our　quantitative　approach　hasn't　changed,　and　we　sought　to　continue　our　focus　on　the　basic　principles　of　computer　design　through　two　editions.　The　examples　had　to　be　updated,　of　course,　just　as　we　did　for　the　second　edition.　The　dramatic　and　ongoing　advances　in　the　field　as　well　as　the　creation　of　new　markets　for　computers　and　new　approaches　for　those　markets,　however,　led　us　to　rewrite　almost　the　entire　book.　The　pace　of　innovation　in　computer　architecture　continued　unabated　in　the　six　years　since　the　second　edition.　As　when　we　wrote　the　second　edition,　we　found　that　numerous　new　concepts　needed　to　be　introduced,　and　other　material　designated　as　more　basic.　Although　this　is　officially　the　third　edition　of　Computer　Architecture:　A　Quantitative　Approach,　it　is　really　our　fifth　book　in　a　series　that　began　with　the　first　edition,　continued　with　Computer　Organization　and　Design:The　Hardware/Software　Interface　(COD:HIS),　and　then　the　second　edition　of　both　books.　Over　time　ideas　that　were　once　found　here　have　moved　to　COD:HIS　or　to　background　tutorials　in　the　appendices.　This　migration,　combined　with　our　goal　to　present　concepts　in　the　context　of　the　most　recent　computers,　meant　there　was　remarkably　little　from　the　second　edition　that　could　be　preserved　intact,　and　practically　nothing　is　left　from　the　first　edition.